Internet Info 1994 March/Internet Info CD-ROM (Walnut Creek) (March 1994).iso/answers/comp/os2-faq/user/part4

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From: [e-mail] (Timothy F. Sipples)
Subject: OS/2 Frequently Asked Questions List Rel. 2.1D (4 of 4)
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Archive-name: os2-faq/user/part4
Version: 2.1D

[Part 4 of 4]

  or [e-mail], as appropriate.)


  Related information:

  (4.5) Technical Support
  (4.7) Online Services


(4.11) OS/2 BBSes

What OS/2 BBSes can I dial?

The following BBSes hold large OS/2 libraries:


  Fernwood                 [phone]

  The Bin BBS              [phone]

  OS/2 Source BBS          [phone]

  Denver OS/2 BBS          [phone]

  Inside Technologies BBS  [phone]

  OS/2 Woodmeister         [phone]

  Pyramid/2                [phone]

  Gateway/2                [phone]

  Bay Area OS/2            [phone]

  OS/2 San Diego           [phone]

  OS/2 Las Vegas           [phone]

  OS/2 Shareware           [phone]

  Greater Chicago Online   [phone]

  OS/2 Exchange BBS        [phone]

  Abaforum (Barcelona)     34-3-589.38.88

  IBM UK                   44-256-336655

  OS/2 UK                  44-454-633197

  IBM Denmark              45-42-88-72-22

  Copenhagen UG BBS        45-48-24-45-80

  OS/2 Norway              47-22-38-09-49

  IBM Norway               47-66-99-94-50

  IBM Germany              049-7034-15-2160

  OS/2 Australia           61-2-241-2466

  Soft/2 Shareware         61-8-370-7339
  (Adelaide)


(The monthly Worldwide OS/2 BBS Listing, available from these BBSes, lists
others.)  The IBM PC Company BBS (modem 919-517-0001) has some
shareware/freeware as well, along with CSDs [See (4.6) Corrective Service
Diskettes] and the PS/2 Assistant (an invaluable resource for locating
almost any sort of information on OS/2).  For information on IBM's OS/2 BBS
phone [phone].  IBM Canada maintains several support BBSes:

      [phone]
      [phone]
      [phone]
      [phone]
      {{ [phone] }}



  Related information:

  (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources
  (4.6) Corrective Service Diskettes


(4.12) IBM Telephone Directory

IBM has so many telephone numbers.  Which do I use?

Here are some of the telephone numbers at IBM that are of particular
importance to OS/2 users.  The list is by no means complete, and future
releases of the OS/2 Frequently Asked Questions List will add more.

o IBM Help Center (800-756-4IBM).  The "800 number for all 800 numbers" in
the United States.  If you're not sure which number to call, start here.
The operator will stay on the line until you're satisfied you've reached the
right party.

o IBM Information Center (800-IBM-3333).  IBM's United States "switchboard"
-- can be used to reach any IBM employee.

o IBM OS/2 Hotline (800-3-IBM-OS2).  Accepts orders for OS/2, certain OS/2
software titles, OS/2 video cassettes, t-shirts, mouse pads, computer
furniture, and other OS/2-related items.  For United States residents.

o IBM OS/2 Technical Support (800-992-4777).  The product support line for
OS/2 in the United States.  Look in the inside front cover of your OS/2
Using the Operating System manual for support information.

o IBM PC Technical Books (800-765-4IBM).  Accepts orders for most IBM
publications from anyone in the United States.

o IBM Personal Systems Software Canada (800-465-1234).  For general
inquiries and orders from Canadian residents for any OS/2-related product.

o IBM Publications Canada (416-474-7000).  Accepts orders for any IBM
publication, including the OS/2 Online Book Collection, shipped to any
Canadian address.

o IBM Publications U.S.  (800-879-2755 opt.  1).  Accepts orders for any IBM
publication shipped to any address in the United States.


  Related information:

  (4.5) Technical Support


(5.0) Using OS/2

 The following questions are addressed in this section:

 (5.1)  I'm a Unix wizard.  How do I make OS/2 resemble Unix?

 (5.2)  I prefer Windows.  How do I make OS/2 2.1 resemble Windows
        (or OS/2 1.3)?

 (5.3)  Sometimes OS/2 2.1 will freeze when I run an application.  What
        do I do?

 (5.4)  How do I start a background process from the OS/2 command line?

 (5.5)  How do I add new Adobe Type Manager Typefaces?

 (5.6)  How do I tweak OS/2 2.1 for maximum performance?

 (5.7)  How do I measure OS/2 performance and memory usage?

 (5.8)  My background bitmap does not display correctly.  What's wrong?

 (5.9)  How do I boot a real version of DOS from within OS/2 2.1?

 (5.10)  Are there any clever tricks that apply to OS/2 2.1?

 (5.11)  How do I use REXX?  What does it do?

 (5.12)  What ANSI escape sequences can be used?


(5.1) Making OS/2 Resemble Unix

I'm a Unix wizard.  How do I make OS/2 resemble Unix?

A great number of GNU and Unix utilities have been ported to OS/2 native
mode and are available from (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources.  A uucp
package, UUPC/Extended, is available via anonymous ftp from
ftp.clarkson.edu, directory /pub/uupc; mail [e-mail] with questions.

In addition, the Hamilton C Shell is available from Hamilton Labs (phone
508-358-5715 or mail [e-mail]).  The Thompson Toolkit, a
Bourne-like shell, and awk are published by Thompson Automation (phone
206-224-1639).  MKS (phone [phone] or mail [e-mail]) publishes a
number of standard Unix utilities for OS/2.  Hippix (Hippo Software, phone
801-531-1004) provides a set of low cost Unix-like command utilities (such
as grep, awk, sh, and vi) along with a POSIX programming library.  An OS/2
version of lint is available from Gimpel Software (phone [phone]).  For
OS/2-specific X Windows server support, IBM provides an optional package
available with its TCP/IP 2.0 for OS/2.  The TCP/IP 2.0 base package
includes a multithreaded news reader as well.

DOS and Windows based utilities and aids still work fine under OS/2 2.1.


 Related information:

 (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources
 (3.8) Networking Products


(5.2) Making OS/2 Resemble Windows

I prefer Windows.  How do I make OS/2 2.1 resemble Windows (or OS/2 1.3)?

Spend some time with the Workplace Shell first.  Browse the online Tutorial,
Master Help Index, and Start Here facilties.  Consult the Unofficial Guide
to the Workplace Shell, available from (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources.

If you still prefer Windows-like behavior, follow the instructions beginning
on Page 401 in the OS/2 2.1 Using the Operating System manual.

Note that you can run the Win-OS/2 Program Manager "seamlessly" on your OS/2
desktop, and you can use it to launch DOS, Windows, and OS/2 applications.
Using the Program Manager in this way can make even hard core Windows users
more comfortable.


 Related information:

 (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources


(5.3) Recovering from Crashed Sessions

Sometimes OS/2 2.1 will freeze when I run an application.  What do I do?

Before rebooting with CTRL-ALT-DEL, try CTRL-ESC.  Do not hit additional
keys, do not move the mouse.  Wait up to a minute.  Either the Window List
or an error message should pop up.  You may close the offending application
at that point; allow some time for it to close.  (Try ALT-ESC if you have
disabled CTRL-ESC in that application's DOS Settings.  If you do not get any
response, press CTRL-ESC or ALT-ESC repeatedly until the dialog appears.)
Note that the Workplace Shell can recycle, independent of running
applications, if it crashes.

If the system is badly disabled, sometimes pressing CTRL-ALT-NUMLOCK twice
will result in a prompt to create a dump diskette.  You may do so (the
online Command Reference describes dump diskettes), or at that point you may
reboot with CTRL-ALT-DEL.

To prevent applications from automatically restarting see (5.10) Clever
Tricks.  To restore the desktop to "factory defaults," use ALT-F1 when OS/2
2.1 starts.  See Appendix C of the OS/2 2.1 Using the Operating System
manual for details.  Note that if you have installed an OS/2 Service Pak
[See (4.6) Corrective Service Diskettes] the ALT-F1 sequence will restore
your desktop to the state it was found in just before installation of the
Service Pak.


 Related information:

 (4.6)  Corrective Service Diskettes
 (5.10) Clever Tricks


(5.4) Starting Background Processes

How do I start a background process from the OS/2 command line?

Look up the START and DETACH commands in the online Command Reference.

If you wish to start a DOS session with nondefault settings, use a utility
such as STARTD.  If you wish to start an OS/2 session from a DOS session,
try OS2EXEC.  Both (and several others) are available from (3.2) Shareware
and Freeware Sources.


 Related information:

 (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources


(5.5) Adobe Type Manager

How do I add new Adobe Type Manager typefaces?

OS/2 2.1 comes with built-in Adobe Type Manager (ATM) for OS/2 and Win-OS/2.
A basic set of typefaces (Courier, Helvetica, and Times New Roman) comes
with OS/2 2.1 and is installed (if selected) for use under both OS/2's and
Win-OS/2's ATM.

Each typeface you install under OS/2 and/or Win-OS/2 should come with at
least two separate files with PFB and AFM extensions.  To install a typeface
for use under Win-OS/2, use the ATM Control Panel.  The Win-OS/2 ATM Control
Panel will then build a PFM file from the AFM file if a PFM file is not
already included.  To install a typeface for use with OS/2-specific
applications, select OS/2 System -> System Setup -> Font Palette -> Edit
Font -> Add.

PFM files may converted to AFM files using the PFM2AFM utility, available
from (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources.  (However, these converted AFM
files sometimes produce unusual results.)  AFM files for Adobe commercial
typefaces are available via Internet anonymous ftp from ftp.mv.us.adobe.com;
the PFB files are available for purchase from Adobe.  Many public domain
typefaces for OS/2's ATM are available from (3.2) Shareware and Freeware
Sources.  Atech Software's (phone 800-786-FONT) AllType and Ares Software's
(phone [phone]) FontMonger convert between TrueType and Adobe Type 1
formats (as does the popular Fontographer utility).

Typeface files may be shared by OS/2 ATM and Win-OS/2 ATM.  To do so,
install the typefaces using both the Font Palette and Win-OS/2 ATM Control
Panel, specifying the same target path each time (most conveniently
\PSFONTS).

Note that IOPL=YES should appear in CONFIG.SYS; the modules WPPWNDRV,
BVHSVGA, and PMATM are marked as requiring I/O privilege.


 Related information

 (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources


(5.6) Performance Tuning

How do I tweak OS/2 2.1 for maximum performance?

For OS/2 overall, the CONFIG.SYS parameters MAXWAIT, TIMESLICE, PRIORITY,
PRIORITY_DISK_IO, PROTECTONLY, and cache settings (in the DISKCACHE line,
for FAT; or IFS line, for HPFS) can be tweaked.  The swap file should be
placed on the most used partition on the least used hard disk, and its
location is controlled by the SWAPPATH line.  See the online Command
Reference for details.

FAT partitions should be periodically defragmented.  A shareware
defragmenter for DOS called DOG (Disk OrGanizer) works well, as do many
others.  (You can boot DOS from a floppy disk to run such a utility.)

For the Workplace Shell, drag shadows of most often used items to the
desktop or to folders closer to the "surface" -- opening folders takes time.
Drag shadows of program objects you use often (e.g.  the Win-OS/2 full
screen Program Manager) to the Startup folder.  Disable animation (go to
OS/2 System -> System Setup -> System -> Window).  Use the faster Details
View when opening drive and folder objects; to set Details View as the
default, open the settings notebook for the object, select the Menu tab,
click on ~Open, then the Settings button, then select the Default Action.

Try reducing the number of on screen colors or dropping down in screen
resolution to enhance speed.  Close (not just minimize; check the Window
List) unnecessary objects and applications.  Use the Monochrome scheme from
the Scheme Palette -- it provides marginally faster screen updates.
Consider adding more RAM.

For DOS programs, run full screen instead of windowed if speed is important.
In DOS Settings for each application:  reduce conventional, XMS, DPMI, and
EMS memory allocations to the bare minimums required for maximum
performance; turn off VIDEO_RETRACE_EMULATION unless necessary; adjust
IDLE_SENSITIVITY; turn off DOS_BACKGROUND_EXECUTION if not needed; change
the HW_TIMER setting (particularly for games); enable VIDEO_FASTPASTE if
possible; turn on HW_ROM_TO_RAM.  Communications programs should use
hardware handshaking where possible (use OS/2's MODE COMx command if
necessary), and a buffered UART can prove helpful.  (DOS programs running
under OS/2 will not be aware of a buffered 16550AF UART.  OS/2 virtualizes
the serial port and manages the buffer itself.)  For faster printing set the
DOS program's output port to LPTx.OS2 (where x is the printer port number)
-- use a "print to file" option if necessary.  Disable any DOS print
spoolers; rely on OS/2's spooler instead.  Increase CONFIG.SYS's
PRINTMONBUFSIZE values.  Other, standard steps to enhance DOS performance
(e.g.  increasing BUFFERS in CONFIG.SYS) of course apply.

For Windows programs, run using a full screen desktop if speed is vital.
The Win-OS/2 Full Screen icon set up by the installation program has poor
Settings.  For better performance perform some of the same steps outlined in
the preceding paragraph, including VIDEO_RETRACE_EMULATION off.  The same
printer output advice also applies.  Consider disabling the Public setting
in the Clipboard.  If available, set VIDEO_8514A_XGA_IOTRAP to off.  If
mouse control is lost when switching to/from the Win-OS/2 session, try
setting VIDEO_SWITCH_NOTIFICATION off.


 Related information:

 (1.3) DOS and Windows Compatibility
 (5.7) Measuring Performance and Memory Usage


(5.7) Measuring Performance and Memory Usage

How do I measure OS/2 performance and memory usage?

OS/2 does not treat system resources like DOS.  Memory is treated as a
virtual resource, used intelligently.  For example, OS/2 will retain unused,
"dormant" code in memory if that memory is not otherwise required, on the
assumption that that code may be used again.  Also, all but a small portion
of OS/2 (and most applications, no matter how many are running) may be paged
to disk should a large amount of physical memory be required.  Utilities
which display "free" memory, then, are only useful for rough, relative
measurements.  (Such utilities also often fail for another reason:  many
only report the largest contiguous block of free physical RAM.  And a few
will never report more than 16 MB of RAM because they were designed for OS/2
1.x.)

Similarly, utilities which purport to measure system load (e.g.  Pulse)
should not be relied upon for definitive performance measurement.
Subjective assessments are often much more reliable.  Pulse (and similar
utilities) rely on a measurement of processor time allocated to a thread
running at OS/2's lowest priority.  This method is sometimes subject to
erroneous results.

That said, more rigorous system performance optimization and monitoring
tools include System Performance Monitor/2 (IBM Program No.  5871-3415),
BenchTech (Synetik, phone [phone]), OR/SysMon (International OS/2 User
Group, phone [phone] or FAX [phone]), CPU Monitor (Bon Ami), and
Performance 2.1 (Clear & Simple, phone [phone]).

Note that OS/2's swap file is designed to behave with hysteresis.  It will
not shrink in size as easily as it grows, under the assumption that swap
space needed once may be needed again.  It should shrink given enough time
and continued, less intense system loads.


 Related information:

 (5.6) Performance Tuning


(5.8) Displaying Background Bitmaps

My background bitmap does not display correctly.  What's wrong?

Color bitmap images used for the Workplace Shell screen or folder
backgrounds may not display correctly (may have distorted or missing colors)
due to incorrect matching with OS/2's default palette.  Unlike Windows, OS/2
does not adjust the palette to accommodate background bitmaps (to keep the
rest of the desktop from experiencing color distortions).  (Palette control
is now available to applications running under the 32-bit graphics engine
with an appropriate display driver, however.)

To remedy the problem you may use the numerous background images which have
been specifically prepared for the Workplace Shell [available from (3.2)
Shareware and Freeware Sources] or you may use an image editing/conversion
utility which can create a proper, system palette-matched bitmap file.  For
example, JoeView [available from (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources] may
be used to import noninterlaced GIF, Windows BMP, and PCX files and save
them as palette-matched OS/2 BMP files.

Note that background bitmap images impose some additional overhead, taking
up RAM and disk resources.  You should probably use them sparingly.  Also,
if you have set a Win-OS/2 background bitmap you may experience desktop
color distortions when running Windows programs "seamlessly."  Disable the
Win-OS/2 background bitmap to remedy the problem.


 Related information:

 (2.2) SuperVGA Support
 (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources


(5.9) Specific DOS Sessions

How do I boot a real version of DOS from within OS/2 2.1?

Booting a real version of DOS under OS/2 provides certain features that the
OS/2 emulated DOS sessions cannot.  For example, a specific DOS session can
provide access to devices (like CD-ROM drives) and networks for which there
are only DOS device drivers.  A specific DOS session can also help get DOS
applications which generate spurious "divide by zero" errors running again.

You will be able to run one such session per hardware device.  So, for
example, if you have your DOS networking software loaded in one specific DOS
session, you may not start another, similar session.

Specific DOS sessions are discussed in the online Command Reference (under
VMDISK), the Master Help Index, and the printed Installation Guide (Appendix
E).  You should consult those resources first.  However, if you are still
unsure how to configure your system to run specific DOS sessions, follow
these steps:

1. Create a bootable DOS diskette.  Insert your DOS system diskette into
Drive A and reboot.  When you arrive at the "A>" prompt, type FORMAT A:  /S
and press ENTER.  (Note that you may wish to format the diskette for the
smallest capacity possible, to save hard disk space later on.  For example,
a 5.25 inch double density -- not high density -- diskette may be formatted
to just 160K by adding the /1 /N:8 parameters to the FORMAT command.)  When
prompted, insert a blank diskette into Drive A and press ENTER.  When the
FORMAT operation is complete, remove the diskette and restart OS/2.

2. Copy FSFILTER.SYS to the diskette.  Double click on OS/2 System ->
Command Prompts -> OS/2 Window.  Insert the diskette you just formatted into
Drive A. Copy the following file to your startable diskette:
\OS2\MDOS\FSFILTER.SYS.

3. Set up CONFIG.SYS.  Using a text editor (like the OS/2 System Editor)
create the file A:\CONFIG.SYS with the following lines at the top:

      DEVICE=FSFILTER.SYS
      DEVICE=C:\OS2\MDOS\HIMEM.SYS
      DEVICE=C:\OS2\MDOS\EMM386.SYS
      DEVICE=C:\OS2\MDOS\ANSI.SYS

Change the "C:"  drive letter if OS/2 is installed on another drive.  Add
any other lines as required for your application (like CD-ROM or
networking), but do not include any XMS, EMS, mouse, or memory management
device drivers.  Make sure that everything is referenced with a drive letter
and path, as above.

4. Set up AUTOEXEC.BAT.  Likewise, create a file named A:\AUTOEXEC.BAT and
make sure that the first line reads:

      C:\OS2\MDOS\MOUSE

changing "C:"  if necessary.  Add any additional lines (like PATH, SET
PROMPT, and so on) as required by your application.  {{ Make sure that
\OS2\MDOS is referenced in the PATH.  }}

5. Test your DOS diskette.  Once you have configured the CONFIG.SYS and
AUTOEXEC.BAT files as you wish, double click on OS/2 System -> Command
Prompts -> DOS from Drive A:.  A DOS session should start.  Test for the
functionality you need (like access to your CD-ROM reader or network).  If
the session is not working properly, press CTRL-ESC and shut down the
session, edit CONFIG.SYS and/or AUTOEXEC.BAT as required, and repeat the
test.

6. Create the diskette image.  When you are satisfied that your specific DOS
session diskette functions properly, go back to the OS/2 Window and type
VMDISK A:  C:\DOS.IMG to create a diskette image file.  (If you want the
file to be located on another drive or in another directory, change "C:\"
accordingly.)

7. Create a program object for your specific DOS session.  Drag a program
object from your Templates folder to any target folder.  When the notebook
opens, enter a single asterisk (*) in the Program Name field, then click on
the right arrow in the lower right.  Select either DOS Window or DOS Full
Screen for the session type, as desired.  Click on the DOS Settings button,
and scroll down until you find the DOS_STARTUP_DRIVE property.  Enter
C:\DOS.IMG in the field at the upper right.  (If your image file is not
located on Drive C in the root directory, make the necessary changes.)
Change any other DOS Settings if necessary.  Click on the Save button, then
click on the General tab.  Give your program object a name.  Then close up
the notebook.

You should now be able to double click on your new program object to start
your specific DOS session.  If you require access to your diskette drive
(Drive A), use the FSACCESS command.  See the online Command Reference for
details.

When formatting your bootable DOS diskette, you may wish to use additional
command line parameters to create a diskette with a reduced capacity.  The
"smaller" the diskette, the less room the diskette image file created by
VMDISK will take on your hard disk.  See your DOS manual for details, or use
the example given above.


  Related information:

  (1.3) DOS and Windows Compatibility


(5.10) Clever Tricks

Are there any clever tricks that apply to OS/2 2.1?

o To force DIR to display your directories in alphabetical order, with the
subdirectories listed first, add the line

    SET DIRCMD=/O:GN

to CONFIG.SYS; and, if you wish the same for your DOS command line sessions,
add the same line to AUTOEXEC.BAT.  You may also wish to run DOSKEY to
enable the command history feature.  (Shutdown and reboot for changes to
CONFIG.SYS to take effect.)

o Hold down SHIFT while resizing text windows to make size changes
permanent.

o If you want to configure your printer port(s) for shared access (so that
DOS programs like LapLink, for example, can use them directly), go to your
printer object, click on it with mouse button two, select Open -> Settings,
select the Output tab, then double click on the port you wish to share.
Check the appropriate box.

o While running a DOS graphics program in a window, use the graphics cut and
paste feature to clip a picture and paste it into the Icon Editor.  You can
then quickly and easily create custom icons for your applications.

o To disable the automatic application restart feature, create a STARTUP.CMD
file in the root directory of your OS/2 boot drive with the following REXX
script:

    /*  */
    call RxFuncadd 'SysLoadFuncs', 'RexxUtil', 'SysLoadFuncs'
    call SysLoadFuncs
    call SysIni 'USER', 'PM_WorkPlace:Restart', 'DELETE:'
    'exit'

or add the line

    SET RESTARTOBJECTS=STARTUPFOLDERSONLY

to your CONFIG.SYS.  To manually disable automatic application restart when
booting OS/2, hold down the left CTRL, left SHIFT, and F1 keys
simultaneously from the time the mouse pointer appears until icons are
displayed on the desktop.

o Use the Alarms applet to automatically start programs at specified times.

To start the Alarms applet minimized, put /I in the Optional Parameters
section of its program object settings.

o If you wish to dispense with the Workplace Shell (and its overhead),
particularly on low memory systems, change the line SET RUNWORKPLACE...  in
CONFIG.SYS to read SET RUNWORKPLACE=C:\OS2\CMD.EXE (replacing C, if
necessary, with a different drive letter).  In fact any program with job
control (e.g.  Enhanced Editor, HyperAccess/5) can be used as the shell.  [A
character mode alternative to the Workplace Shell, MenuMaster, is now
available from (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources.]

o To implement a small scroll back buffer for your OS/2 command line
windows, use the command MODE CO80,102.  This procedure may be automated by
adding /K MODE CO80,102 in the Optional Parameters section of the OS/2
Window program object settings.

o If you do not want any command line parameters passed to a program object
that you start (for example, if you customize the desktop menu so that it
has an additional option which starts a command line prompt) place a lone %
in the Optional Parameters section of the program object settings.  If you
do wish to pass parameters, but you want the extraneous information that the
Workplace Shell passes to the object to be ignored, try putting && REM % in
the Optional Parameters section after the parameters you wish passed.

o If you want to move an icon a small distance, "grab" it from the edge
nearest the direction you want to move the icon.

o A clever way to manipulate files that are locked when the Workplace Shell
is running (e.g.  display drivers) is to add the line CALL=CMD.EXE at the
end of CONFIG.SYS.  Then Shutdown and reboot.  The system will restart with
an OS/2 command line prompt.  Type EXIT to proceed into the Workplace Shell.
Using CALL is also a convenient way to configure OS/2's serial ports using
the MODE command.  For example:

    CALL=C:\OS2\MODE.COM COM2:38400,N,8,1,OCTS=OFF,RTS=ON,BUFFER=ON

configures COM2 for high speed RTS handshaking and buffered I/O.  [Moreover,
the MODE command can be used to determine whether your system has a buffered
UART (National Semiconductor 16550A or equivalent), nearly essential for
high speed communications.  Use the command:

    MODE COMx

(where x is the communications port number) from an OS/2 command line.  If
you see anything but "BUFFER = N/A" then you have a buffered UART for that
port.]

You can use either CDDBOC or SHIFTRUN instead of CALL; both utilities are
available from (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources.

Another way, which works well with display drivers, is to copy the new
DLL(s) to its(their) own directory (say, C:\NEW), then place that directory
name first in LIBPATH in CONFIG.SYS.  Shutdown and reboot.  OS/2 will use
that(those) DLL(s) before it attempts to use the one(s) located in \OS2\DLL.
[This method is required when using a 16-bit OS/2 2.0 display driver with
OS/2 2.0 CSD Level 06055 or later.  See (4.6) Corrective Service Diskettes.]
To switch back to the old driver, edit CONFIG.SYS and remove C:\NEW from
LIBPATH, then Shutdown and reboot.

o To shutdown without a mouse, press CTRL-ESC, select the Desktop, then
press the spacebar (to deselect any icons, if necessary), SHIFT-F10, and
select Shutdown.

o If your video driver does not support "seamless" Windows, try running the
Win-OS/2 Program Manager in a DOS window.

o Selective Install should be used with caution when changing mouse or
display drivers.  Verify that proper changes have been made to CONFIG.SYS.

o If your settings notebooks (or PM Sticky Pads) do not display but are
listed in the Window List, click on the name of the settings notebook in the
Window List (brought up with CTRL-ESC) with mouse button two and select
Cascade.

o If your \OS2\*.INI files have grown large, use the CopyINI or WPSBackup
utilities to shrink them.  Both are available from (3.2) Shareware and
Freeware Sources.

o To restart the Workplace Shell (without saving desktop settings, perhaps
after an accidental Arrange), use a utility such as psPM [available from
(3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources] to terminate PMSHELL.

o To get rid of a WPS object that cannot be deleted, try one of the
following:

- Insert a blank diskette in Drive A, click on the stubborn object with
mouse button two, select Move, select the Path page, enter A:\, press ENTER,
then format the diskette;

- Use the WPSTools or Black Hole, available from (3.2) Shareware and
Freeware Sources.  (The WPSTools can also recreate desktop objects that have
been lost.)

o To load a device driver into high memory in a particular DOS session
change the DOS_DEVICE setting for the session and add SIZE=0 before the path
and filename for the device driver.  For example, the following DOS_DEVICE
entry:

    SIZE=0 C:\OS2\MDOS\ANSI.SYS

loads the ANSI.SYS device driver into high memory in that particular
session.

o If you wish to create diskettes from MAKEDSKF (.DSK) image files, such as
those contained on the CD-ROM version of OS/2, and you do not wish to use
the DOS and OS/2 utility LOADDSKF, you may use a workstation.  For example,
on an IBM RS/6000 or Sun workstation you may use the command:

    dd if=(input filename) of=/dev/rfd0 ibs=1b obs=60b conv=sync

o To reboot the machine from the command line, use:

    SETBOOT /IBD:C

Change the last letter (C) if you want to boot from another drive.  {{ Disk
buffers will be flushed, but Workplace Shell settings will not be saved.  }}

o The settings notebooks now support drag and drop operations for assigning
icons and for changing menus.

To change the icon for an object, first open the settings notebook (click on
the object with the secondary mouse button, then select Open -> Settings).
Click on the General tab.  Then drag any other object to the icon located on
the General page of the settings notebook.  The object's icon will change to
match.  If you want to restore it to its former state, click on the Undo
button.

To assign actions to menus, open the settings notebook, then click on the
Menu tab.  Click on any of the items in the Available menus section (or
Create another).  To add an Action, drag the desired program object to the
Actions on menu section.

o To quickly maximize a window, double click on its title bar.  To restore
the window to its former size, double click on the title bar again.

o Select the Flowed setting (on the View page of the settings notebook) for
fastest display when opening folders.

o If you have UNDELETE enabled, but you want to delete an occasional file
without the overhead incurred by having UNDELETE capability, use the /F
parameter with the DEL command.  Using this parameter (in either a DOS or
OS/2 Window) will bypass the routine which moves the file(s) to the
directory specified by the DELDIR environment variable.  The file(s) is(are)
deleted faster, but you will not be able to undelete it(them).  The /N
parameter will prevent prompting ("Are you sure?").

o OS/2 2.1 now includes the ability to set a power on password.  However, if
you have forgotten your password, and you cannot unlock your desktop when
you turn your machine on, try the following.  Start OS/2 from a diskette
boot [see (4.4) Starting OS/2 from Diskette] to get a command line prompt.
At the prompt, enter the following commands:

    C:

(assuming OS/2 is installed on Drive C; change if necessary)

    MAKEINI OS2.INI LOCK.RC

o If you are using a 1024x768 display driver (such as 8514/A), but you do
not want the icons scaled up in size from 32x32 to 40x40, patch the display
driver file (e.g.  \OS2\DLL\8514_32.DLL) using DEBUG or a similar utility.
Search for the hexadecimal byte sequence 28 00 28 00 20 00 20 00 and replace
the two 28 values with 20.  Reboot for the change to take effect, and be
sure to keep a backup copy of the original file.

o To hide your entire desktop, single click on any icon on the desktop,
press CTRL-ESC, then press CTRL-SHIFT-ESC.  To return the desktop to normal,
press CTRL-ESC then double click on Desktop.

o If you would like to have a Presentation Manager application start up
minimized, first set up a program object for it by dragging a Program
template from the Templates folder.  Then, on the first page of the
notebook, enter the full path and filename of the PM program, but
deliberately misspell it.  Click on the arrow in the lower right to turn the
page, then check the Start minimized checkbox.  Click on the left arrow to
turn the page back, then correct the misspelling.  Fill in any other
information, as desired, then close up the notebook.  The program object is
now ready to start your PM application minimized.

o To get approximately 730K free in your DOS sessions, change
VIDEO_MODE_RESTRICTION in the session's settings to CGA (unless your
application requires more than CGA graphics capabilities).  Note that you
may have to place the line:

    DOS_RMSIZE=639

in your CONFIG.SYS file to get this much free memory.

o {{ In a full screen, character mode OS/2 session it is normally impossible
to copy text from the screen to the Clipboard.  To get around the problem,
try setting your printer object to hold all print jobs, press the
PrintScreen key while the full screen OS/2 session is active, return to the
printer object and double click on the print job icon for the PrintScreen,
then cut and paste from the editor.  }}


  Related information:

  (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources
  (4.4) Starting OS/2 from Diskette
  (4.6) Corrective Service Diskettes


(5.11) REXX

How do I use REXX?  What does it do?

REXX is built into every copy of OS/2 (where it is also known as Procedures
Language/2).  It is a general purpose, interpreted programming language
which was first released on IBM mainframes over a decade ago.  REXX is
extremely easy to learn and use.  It is particularly strong at string
manipulation, and it has features which are difficult to implement in
compiled languages (like the ability to read its own source code or execute
a string as a command).

OS/2 applications can use REXX as a common scripting language, which means
that users need not learn separate macro or script languages for each
application.  For example, the OS/2 versions of Lotus 1-2-3 and Borland
ObjectVision will interface with REXX.  OS/2's multimedia extensions
(MMPM/2) contain a REXX interface, so REXX programs can play, record, and
manipulate sound and video files.  And REXX can be used to create complex
batch files (with interactive prompting), since it is integrated so tightly
into OS/2's command processor.  Moreover, A pair of REXX visual builders
(programming tools which help create even complex REXX applications quickly
and easily using simple, drag and drop manipulation of on screen objects),
HockWare's VisPro/REXX and Watcom's VX REXX, are now available.

For more information on OS/2's REXX interpreter, see the REXX Information
online documentation located in the Information folder.  For more
information on REXX generally, consult the REXX Frequently Asked Questions
List [available from (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources].

Here are some REXX hints and tips:

o If you wish to place program output in the REXX queue (for processing by a
REXX program), try

    DIR *.TXT | RXQUEUE

as an example.  (In other words, pipe the program output to RXQUEUE.)  To
use this program output in your REXX program, try

    /* Sample */
    WHILE QUEUED() > 0
    PARSE PULL X
    SAY X
    END

o To execute REXX commands interactively from the command line, use the
REXXTRY command.  For example:

    REXXTRY DO X=1 TO 10;SAY X;END



  Related information:

  (0.2) Recent Developments
  (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources
  (3.6) Multimedia (MMPM/2)


(5.12) ANSI Escape Sequences

What ANSI escape sequences can be used?

ANSI escape sequences provide cursor and screen control in OS/2 character
mode sessions.  By default ANSI support is turned ON (although it may be
turned off with the command ANSI OFF).  ANSI support is also available in
DOS sessions if the device driver ANSI.SYS is loaded.  See the online
Command Reference for details.

The following ANSI escape sequences are available:

  Key
  ESC       Refers to ASCII code 27 (i.e. the Escape key)
  #         Replace with the appropriate number
  ....      Replace with additional attributes, if desired

  Escape Code Sequence          Function
  Cursor Controls
  ESC[#;#H or ESC[#;#f          Moves cursor to line #, column #
  ESC[#A                        Moves cursor up # lines
  ESC[#B                        Moves cursor down # lines
  ESC[#C                        Moves cursor forward # spaces
  ESC[#D                        Moves cursor back # spaces
  ESC[#;#R                      Reports current cursor line and column
  ESC[s                         Saves cursor position for recall later
  ESC[u                         Return to saved cursor position
  Erase Functions
  ESC[2J                        Clear screen and home cursor
  ESC[K                         Clear to end of line
  Set Graphics Rendition
  ESC[#;#;....;#m               Set display attributes where # is
                                0 for normal display
                                1 bold on
                                4 underline (mono only)
                                5 blink on
                                7 reverse video on
                                8 nondisplayed (invisible)
                                30 black foreground
                                31 red foreground
                                32 green foreground
                                33 yellow foreground
                                34 blue foreground
                                35 magenta foreground
                                36 cyan foreground
                                37 white foreground
                                40 black background
                                41 red background
                                42 green background
                                43 yellow background
                                44 blue background
                                45 magenta background
                                46 cyan background
                                47 white background
  ESC[=#;7h                     Put screen in indicated mode where # is
                                0 for 40x25 black and white
                                1 40x25 color
                                2 80x25 black and white
                                3 80x25 color
                                4 320x200 color graphics
                                5 320x200 black and white graphics
                                6 640x200 black and white graphics
                                7 to wrap at end of line
  ESC[=#;7l                     Resets mode # set with above command
  Keyboard Reassignments
  ESC[#;#;....#p                The first ASCII code defines what is
                                to be changed; the remaining codes define
                                what it is to be changed to; strings are
                                permitted. Examples:
                                ESC[65;81p - A becomes Q
                                ESC[81;65p - Q becomes A
                                ESC[0;68;"dir";13p - Assign the F10 key
                                    to a DIR command.
                                The 0;68 portion is the extended ASCII
                                code for the F10 key and 13 is the ASCII
                                code for a carriage return.
                                Other function key codes: F1=59, F2=60,
                                    F3=61, ... F10=68.

You can use ANSI escape sequences in the PROMPT environment variable to
create complex command line prompts.  See the online Command Reference
(under PROMPT) for details.

For example, if you have a color monitor, try editing your CONFIG.SYS file
so that

  SET PROMPT=$e[32;40m$e[1m[$P]$e[0m

to obtain a more colorful OS/2 command line prompt.  (Case is significant in
the example given.)  You can do the same for your DOS sessions if you edit
PROMPT in AUTOEXEC.BAT, assuming you have ANSI.SYS loaded.  Note that the $i
portion of your PROMPT will enable the help line at the top of the window or
screen.  It is not included in the example above.

To change the background color of your OS/2 command line sessions, modify
your CONFIG.SYS file so that this line is changed as shown:

  SET OS2_SHELL=C:\OS2\CMD.EXE /K BLUESCR.CMD

changing the drive letter, if necessary.  Then create a file named
BLUESCR.CMD which contains the following lines:

  @ECHO OFF
  PROMPT=$e[32;44;1m
  PROMPT $p$g
  CLS

Save the file to a directory that is named in the SET PATH line of your
CONFIG.SYS file.  Reboot.  Then, when you start an OS/2 command line, the
background color will be different.  You can change the numbers in the first
PROMPT line to obtain different colors.

If you are using JP Software's 32-bit 4OS2, and you would like the name of
the current working directory to appear in the title bar, try using the
following command:

  PROMPT `%@exec[window"%_cwd"]$h[$p]`


  Related information:

  (5.10) Clever Tricks


(6.0) Miscellaneous

The following questions are addressed in this section:

 (6.1)  What can I do to promote OS/2?

 (6.2)  How can I create INF files?


(6.1) Promoting OS/2

What can I do to promote OS/2?

OS/2 is selling well, but there are steps you can take to assure that
hardware devices and software will be available for OS/2 in the future.
Customer requests do matter.

o Politely, firmly, and repeatedly request driver support from printer,
video adapter, and other hardware manufacturers.

o When you receive a mailing for DOS/Windows software with a postpaid
envelope, return the order form marked "Please send information on your OS/2
version."

o Start a user group at your location.  Contact Gene Barlow (phone
214-402-6456) {{ or Kathy Fanning }} at IBM or mail [e-mail] for
assistance.  Think about how you can publicize your user group.  For
instance, most local newspapers and television stations will print/broadcast
meeting announcements for free.  Your local cable television company will be
happy to broadcast a videotape of your meeting on the public access channel.

o Correspond with members of the computer trade press.  Ask for reviews of
OS/2 software, hardware compatibility testing with OS/2, OS/2 benchmarking,
etc.  Respond politely but forcefully to press you think unfair; praise good
reporting.

o When you purchase a new system, ask the vendor to install OS/2 2.1, and to
offer credit for dropping DOS and Windows.  If the vendor refuses, you may
wish to take your business elsewhere.  Compaq, Everex, AST, Northgate, ALR,
Unisys, Dell, Tangent, IBM, and Ariel Design all offer systems with OS/2 2.1
preloaded.

o Make sure your company (or yourself) specifies OS/2 compatibility when
purchasing new products.

o Demonstrate OS/2 to friends, relatives, and associates.

o Ask your computer store to stock OS/2 software titles, have OS/2
demonstration machines, etc.

o Pass along useful OS/2 shareware and freeware to your local BBS.  Be sure
to register OS/2 shareware.

o Write an outstanding piece of shareware or freeware [See (4.5) Technical
Support for details on joining DAP].  IBM has been known to recognize such
work with rewards.  Also, ask authors of DOS/Windows shareware and freeware
if they would port to OS/2, or volunteer.

o Recommend products that work well under OS/2; dissuade people from
purchasing products that do not.

o Wear OS/2 pins, shirts, buttons, and other souvenirs.  Contact the
Lees/Keystone OS/2 Merchandise Center (phone [phone] or FAX
914-273-9187) or the IBM OS/2 Hotline (phone 800-3-IBM-OS2) to order such
items.

o Join Team OS/2, an international organization of volunteers who are OS/2
enthusiasts and are actively sharing their knowledge and enthusiasm with
others.  These activities include supporting OS/2 user groups, running OS/2
BBSes and online conferences, demonstrating OS/2 at retail stores and other
public places, encouraging and helping others to install OS/2, answering
OS/2 questions, and much more.  Membership is not limited to IBM employees.
For information on Team OS/2 events you should monitor the TEAMOS2 echomail
conference on your local FidoNet BBS.  If your local BBS does not carry
TEAMOS2, ask your system operator to get it.  See (4.11) OS/2 BBSes for the
names and numbers of several BBSes which carry TEAMOS2.  To join Team OS/2,
send your name, address(es), and telephone number to Vicci Conway (netmail
[e-mail] or FAX [phone]).  Include information on your
activities to date and a one line description of yourself for the public
Team OS/2 list.


  Related information:

  (3.2)  Shareware and Freeware Sources
  (4.5)  Technical Support
  (4.11) OS/2 BBSes


(6.1) Creating INF Files

How can I create INF files?

Creating INF files (like the OS/2 Frequently Asked Questions List) is
remarkably straightforward.  All you need is the Information Presentation
Facility Compiler (IPFC), part of the IBM Developer's Toolkit for OS/2 2.1
(available separately as IBM Part No.  61G1416 or as part of many
development environments such as Borland C++ for OS/2), and a text editor
(like the Enhanced Editor included with OS/2).

Online IPFC documentation is included with the Toolkit, but you may also
wish to order the printed Information Presentation Facility Guide and
Reference, IBM Publication No.  S10G-6262.  See (4.9) Books and Magazines
for ordering instructions.  Note that the Toolkit is part of the low cost
OS/2 Developer's Connection CD-ROM.  See (4.5) Technical Support for
details.

If you wish to include illustrations in your INF file you can use any
graphics software which can generate OS/2 bitmaps and/or metafiles.  (For
example, you may create your illustration in PM Chart, paste the
illustration into Picture Viewer, then save the illustration as a metafile.
Both PM Chart and Picture Viewer are included with OS/2 2.1.)  A screen
capture utility [like PM Camera or Galleria, available from (3.2) Shareware
and Freeware Sources] can also prove useful.


 Related information:

 (3.2) Shareware and Freeware Sources
 (4.5) Technical Support
 (4.9) Books and Magazines


(7.0) Glossary

{{ The following terms are often used in conjunction with OS/2:

  Term              Definition

  APAR              A bug fix which has been (or will be) created by IBM to
                    address a very specific problem.
                    (Example: "Please send me APAR 09761.")

  CID               "Configuration/Installation/Distribution": a term
                    usually used to refer to the ability to install an
                    operating system or application remotely, over a
                    network.  (Example: "IBM TCP/IP 2.0 for OS/2
                    is now CID-enabled.")  See (4.2) Installing from Drive
                    B.

  CSD               "Corrective Service Diskette(s)": see (4.6) Corrective
                    Service Diskettes.

  DASD              "Direct Access Storage Device": disk space (most
                    commonly a hard disk drive).  (Example: "I do
                    not have enough DASD for this new application.")

  DMA               "Direct Memory Access": circuitry provided on all PCs
                    to allow peripherals (such as disk controllers) to
                    transfer data to memory directly, without the assistance
                    of the computer's processor.  Appropriate use of DMA can
                    often help to improve overall system performance.

  EA                "Extended Attribute": up to 64K of assorted data stored
                    with any file under OS/2.  Such data may include file
                    type (e.g. "Plain Text"), icons, comments, and other
                    information which is best left outside the file itself.
                    Only OS/2 applications can create and modify extended
                    attributes.

  ES                "Extended Services": see (3.9) Extended Services.

  FAT               "File Allocation Table": the disk format introduced by
                    DOS.  See HPFS.

  GA                "General Availability": available for purchase as a
                    shrinkwrapped product from IBM and its dealers.

  HPFS              "High Performance File System": see (1.5) High
                    Performance File System.

  IPL               "Initial Program Load": starting a PC's operating system
                    (i.e. booting or rebooting).  (Example: "Please IPL
                    your system now.")  See also RIPL.

  LA                "Limited Availability": available only from IBM to
                    certain customers.

  multitasking      Running two or more applications "simultaneously,"
                    dividing the computer processor's attention among them.
                    (In fact, the two or more applications only appear to
                    run simultaneously because the processor switches
                    between them rapidly.)  Cooperative multitasking, such
                    as that found in Microsoft Windows and Macintosh System
                    7, requires that each application be written so as to
                    "surrender" the computer's processor at regular
                    intervals so that it can devote attention to other
                    running applications.  If one application for some
                    reason refuses to yield the processor, all other
                    applications stop running.  Preemptive multitasking, as
                    found in OS/2 and Unix, for example, leaves the
                    operating system in charge of delegating processor time
                    to each running application.  The amount of attention
                    given depends the operating system's scheduler, the
                    logic which assesses (and perhaps adjusts) the
                    priorities of various tasks and assigns processor
                    attention accordingly.

  multithreading    An operating system's ability to manage what are
                    sometimes called lightweight processes, namely subtasks
                    which are spawned by applications.  For example, a word
                    processor may be written so that any printing operation
                    is put in a separate thread.  This thread is then run
                    alongside the word processor itself, in the background,
                    so that control returns immediately to the user of the
                    word processor.  See multitasking.

  PM                "Presentation Manager": the underlying services used by
                    programmers and the Workplace Shell (see WPS) to provide
                    windows, scroll bars, dialog boxes, and other essential
                    interface elements.

  PMR               "Problem Management Record": a number assigned by IBM
                    to track a customer-reported problem. (Example: "I have
                    opened PMR Number 9X534; please reference this number if
                    you call again.")

  RIPL              "Remote Initial Program Load": the capability to boot
                    (start) a PC (load its operating system) over a network.
                    See IPL.

  seamless          Refers to the ability to run Windows applications
                    alongside OS/2 and DOS applications on the Workplace
                    Shell (see WPS) desktop as opposed to the full screen
                    Win-OS/2 desktop.  (Example: "Will this video driver
                    support seamless Windows?")

  SMP               "Symmetric Multiprocessing": a set of technologies in
                    which two or more computer processors (CPUs) are managed
                    by one operating system to provide greater computing
                    power to applications.  With SMP, processors are treated
                    more or less equally (with applications able to run on
                    any or perhaps all processors in the system,
                    interchangeably, at the operating system's discretion).
                    Simple MP usually involves assigning each processor to a
                    fixed task (such as managing the file system), reserving
                    the single main CPU for general tasks.  OS/2 currently
                    supports so-called HMP (Hybrid Multiprocessing), a
                    version of MP which provides some elements of SMP, using
                    add-on IBM software called MP/2.  OS/2 SMP is slated for
                    release in late 1993.

  SP                "Service Pak": see CSD.  Sometimes numbered (e.g. "SP
                    2") to refer to a particular Service Pak.

  Win-OS/2          IBM's customized version of Windows, based on
                    Microsoft's own source code, which provides
                    compatibility with Windows applications under OS/2.

  WPS               "Workplace Shell": OS/2's most commonly used user
                    interface which provides icons, folders, drag-and-drop
                    configuration, settings notebooks, and other features
                    necessary for user interaction with the operating system
                    and its applications.
   }}


  Related information:

  (1.5) High Performance File System (HPFS)
  (3.9) Extended Services
  (4.2) Installing from Drive B
  (4.6) Corrective Service Diskettes


[End of Part 4 of 4]

--
Timothy F. Sipples        | READ the OS/2 Frequently Asked Questions List
[e-mail] | 2.1D, available from 192.153.46.2, anonymous
Dept. of Econ., Univ.     | ftp, in /pub/os2/all/info/faq.
of Chicago, 60637         | OS/2: The World's Most Popular Way to 32 Bits!